Autonomous driving paper index
Unbinding from the soil: female off-farm entrepreneurship and the reconfiguration of household land in rural China
One-line summary
Introduction Rural China has long been shaped by a “men in industry, women in farming” division of labor, where women are often seen as guardians of household land.
Engineering notes
Results We find that women's off-farm entrepreneurship significantly promotes land transfer-out and reduces land transfer-in.
Chinese explanation / 中文解读
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Original abstract
Introduction Rural China has long been shaped by a “men in industry, women in farming” division of labor, where women are often seen as guardians of household land. We ask whether rural women's off-farm entrepreneurship changes this pattern and reshapes household land-use decisions. Methods We use data from the 2022 China Family Panel Studies and focus on rural female samples. Probit, PSM, and IV-Probit models are used to examine the effect of women's off-farm entrepreneurship on land transfer-out and land transfer-in. We also explore the roles of migration remittances, entrepreneurial profits, unpaid household labor, and women's household decision-making power. Results We find that women's off-farm entrepreneurship significantly promotes land transfer-out and reduces land transfer-in. Households with female entrepreneurs are better able to reconfigure their land allocation and pursue more diversified livelihood strategies. Migration remittances and entrepreneurial profits mainly strengthen the transfer-out effect, while women's unpaid household labor limits household capacity to maintain or expand farming and thus constrains livelihood diversification. Being household expenditure accountant weakens the transfer-out effect, pointing to a form of constrained empowerment. Discussion These results show that women's transition away from agriculture is not driven by income alone, but by economic resources, time constraints, household responsibility, and intra-household power. By foregrounding female agency and unpaid care work, we highlight the need for gender sensitive land policies, social security, and rural care support.
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