Autonomous driving paper index
THE EU MEMBER STATES AMID THE POLYCRISIS
One-line summary
The idea of strong, united, sovereign Europe has revived again, but appears to be much harder to implement amid the polycrisis and the growing geopolitical rivalry.
Engineering notes
Key topics: autonomous driving. See the paper for implementation details and experimental results.
Chinese explanation / 中文解读
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Original abstract
The idea of strong, united, sovereign Europe has revived again, but appears to be much harder to implement amid the polycrisis and the growing geopolitical rivalry. The objective of the paper is twofold: first, to reveal the context for the integration processes development in Europe in the 20th century; second, to examine the dynamics of GDP, GDP per capita, and population of the EU member states. Methodology. The data, taken from the UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics, the UNCTADstat Data Centre, as well as various publications, served as the information source for using logical-historical and tabular-graphical methods. The results demonstrate that over 2015-2024 the EU’s share of the global economy in terms of the regional nominal GDP fell from 21,49%, i.e. $16’067’827 mln (EU-28, with the UK), or 17,69%, i.e. $13’226’754 mln (EU-27, without the UK) in 2015 to 17,56%, i.e. $19’381’983 mln in 2024. The key engines of the EU are Germany and France: their combined nominal GDP in 2024 amounted to $7’820’170 mln, or 40,35% of the bloc, with Germany’s indicator being more than 1.47 times higher than that of France. Over 2015-2023, GDP of Germany grew by 37,31%, while that of France – by 27,13%: France’s position weakened since its share of the EU-27 dropped from 18,15% in 2015 to 16,42% in 2023. While the EU’s average GDP per capita is nearly three times higher than that of the world, significant disparities between member states persist. During 2019-2024, the EU-27’s share of the global population (without the UK) fell by 0,22%: from 5,76% to 5,54%. Practical implications. The global financial crisis of 2008 reshaped the US–EU–Japan triangle and put the EU in a difficult position while making the PRC more influential globally. Value/originality. The post WWII split of Eurasia served as the starting point for dividing the globe into spheres of influence and security thus shaping the development of regional integration processes worldwide. At the age of polycrisis, strengthening the civilizational roots of the European nations will contribute to building, on the one hand, the EU autonomy on the regional level, and, on the other hand, the bridge between the East and the West on the global level.
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