Autonomous driving paper index
Photodegradation of Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) and Perfluorooctane Sulfonic Acid (PFOS) via Heterogeneous Indium Oxide (In2O3)/Gallium Oxide (Ga2O3) Nanocomposite
One-line summary
The heterogeneous photocatalysis of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), is an effective and advanced technology for their removal from water with relatively high efficiency.
Engineering notes
Key topics: autonomous driving. See the paper for implementation details and experimental results.
Chinese explanation / 中文解读
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Original abstract
The heterogeneous photocatalysis of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), is an effective and advanced technology for their removal from water with relatively high efficiency. PFASs have received increasing attention in recent years, particularly because of their potential as reproductive and developmental toxins, endocrine disruptors, and carcinogens. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) photodegradation were investigated with heterogeneous indium oxide (In2O3)/gallium oxide (Ga2O3) nanocomposite under increasing sun ligth powers, In2O3/Ga2O3 nanocomposite concentration, pH, temperature, PFOA and PFOS concentrations. The characterizations and morphological properties of samples were measured with XRD, EDX, XPS, FTIR, ICP-OES, STEM and FESEM analyses, respectively. XRD pattern of In2O3/Ga2O3 displays a number of peaks at 2θ = 20.50o, 30.40o, 36.11o, 52.37o, and 60.02o, respectively, corroborated to (221), (222), (400), (440) and (622) lattice planes of monoclinic WO3 (JCPDS # 08–0459). For maximum 99% PFOA and 98% PFOS photodegradation efficiencies the In2O3/Ga2O3 anocomposite concentration, and time should be 0.75 mg/l and 5 min at 1000 mg/l PFOA and PFOS concentrations. The In/Ga ratios with In2O3 target powers of 40 W were 69.80% in the In2O3/Ga2O3 nanocomposites with EDS spectrum. Spectrums of oxygen, gallium and indium were measured at 64.31%, 21.02% and 14.67%, respectively, in the In2O3/Ga2O3 nanocomposites. We observed that when the In2O3 target power increases, the ratio of indium to gallium also increases, which means that the proportion of indium increases, and the conductivity will improve. In2O3/Ga2O3 heterostructures possess significantly lower resistivity (0.49 ɷ.cm) (higher conductivity) compared with pure Ga2O3 nanobelts (10.87 ɷ.cm) as well as Ga2O3 nanowires (300-500 ɷ.cm). The reusability studies showed the resistance of the In2O3/Ga2O3 heterogenous nanocomposite.Up to the 60th cycle, the photodegradation efficiencies for both PFOA and PFOS were consistently recorded at 99%. After the 80th cycle, the efficiency slightly decreased to 98%, and after 100th cycles 97% photodegradation yields was detected. The optimized conditions for pH, rotating speed and temperature should be as follows: 7.0, 30/40oC and 5 rpm, respectively. The PFOA and PFOS photodegradation kinetic can be defined by Langmuir–Hinshelwood equation with k values of 0.087 and 0.099 min-1 for PFOS and PFOA, respectively at a sun ligth power of 80 W/m2. The fluorine content associated with declined PFOS, confirming that fluorine phase increased steadily, indicating defluorination process was occurred. The defluorination percentage increased proportionally with treatment time, reaching approximately 86-88% after photodegradation process.
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