Autonomous driving paper index
An IoT-Based Autonomous Plant Irrigation System: Low-Cost Design, Battery Characterization, and Cloud-Connected Operation
One-line summary
Freshwater scarcity pressures global agriculture, where manual irrigation causes significant water waste.
Engineering notes
Key topics: autonomous driving, deployment, control. See the paper for implementation details and experimental results.
Chinese explanation / 中文解读
中文解读待补充：本站会优先为端到端自动驾驶、BEV感知、3D目标检测、轨迹预测、路径规划、LiDAR感知等高价值论文补充中文说明。
Original abstract
Freshwater scarcity pressures global agriculture, where manual irrigation causes significant water waste. This study presents a low-cost, battery-powered, cloud-connected autonomous plant-irrigation system for residential, greenhouse, and small-scale precision-agriculture deployments. Built around a NodeMCU (ESP8266) microcontroller featuring 10-bit analogue-to-digital conversion and integrated 802.11 b/g/n Wi-Fi, the unit utilizes an FC-28 resistive sensor to probe substrate volumetric water content. This analogue output is digitized and linearly mapped into a normalized 0–100 % soil-moisture index (RHₛ). The firmware compares RHₛ against a user-configurable threshold (default 30 %). Upon detecting dry conditions, the microcontroller energizes a 5 V opto-isolated relay driving a 3–6 V DC submersible pump, completing a closed-loop irrigation cycle. The Blynk IoT platform enables remote monitoring and manual override via a smartphone dashboard, while a local watchdog routine preserves autonomy during connectivity loss. Grid independence is achieved using a single 18650 lithium-ion cell managed by a TP4056 constant-current/constant-voltage charging IC. Bench characterization demonstrated excellent regulation deviation (0.7 %), with battery terminal voltage dropping from 4.12 V at no-load to 4.09 V during simultaneous pumping and Wi-Fi transmission. Cloud-data latency remained below 500 ms in 98 % of test cycles, and autonomous-trigger latency stayed under 200 ms. Assembled for 710 TL (≈ 22 USD), the prototype delivers comparable functionality to commercial smart-irrigation controllers at a fraction of the cost. The system offers a practical, replicable, and sustainable engineering response to water conservation and accessible smart-agriculture challenges.
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